Caribou,, also known as reindeer in some regions,, are native to the Arctic and subarctic areas of the world,, inhabiting ecosystems that are both fragile and extreme. They roam across the tundra,, a vast,, treeless plain,, which in winter is covered by snow and ice,, making it one of the most challenging environments for survival. These animals are superbly adapted to such conditions with several physiological and behavioral adaptations that support their lifestyle in these cold habitats.

Their thick fur and a unique layer of fat provide insulation against the severe cold,, while their large,, concave hooves serve multiple purposes: they support the animal on soft ground like snow,, they are used to dig through snow to reach food,, and they act as paddles when swimming. Caribou are also known for their extensive migratory patterns,, perhaps the longest of any terrestrial mammal,, which they undertake to exploit seasonal variations in food availability and calving grounds. This migration is a spectacular sight and an essential aspect of their survival,, allowing them to avoid harsh weather and predators.

In addition to physical adaptations,, caribou have social structures that enhance their ability to migrate and find food efficiently. They travel in large herds,, a behavior that provides safety in numbers from predators such as wolves and bears. These communal movements are crucial during their migrations across hundreds of miles of inhospitable terrain each year.